The Industrial revolution most people lived an agriculture existence defined by the harvest and the seasons and ruled by a small political and social elite. Sea cult- from north sea coal kick started The Industrial revolution In Brutal. Until then wood had been the main source of energy in Britain , it supplied the fuel for homes and small industries , but as population grew so did the demand for timber, as forest were cut down ,wood had to be carried further to reach the towns it was bulky difficult to transport and therefore expensive.
Coal was able to solve this problem as it was a much more form of power, providing up to 3 times more energy then wood. In Britain coal was abundant and easily mined mainly due to the fact that coal was located close to the surface, while expensive for other European countries to transports their coals to market. While in Britain the mines were near the sea. Another possible reason for Britain’s great success was the scientific climate In this period.
There was a police exchange of clientele and technological Ideal In this period , In brutal Ideal TLD not suffer from censorship by the church or state unlike there European countries , over the previous 100 years there was a cascade of scientific breakthroughs swept across the country. Egg Isaac Newton, Robert boil etc. (other words this period was known as the age of reason) http://www. History. Com/topics/industrial-revolution Britain: Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their dally existences revolved around farming.
Life for the average person was difficult, as Incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, runtime and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Http://www. Owe. Com/info_8264421 _factories- beginning- revolution. HTML Factories In the Beginning of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries, and transformed rural, agrarian communities In Europe and America Into Industrial and urban societies.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, people performed most Industrialization shifted manufacturing to factories, where specialized machinery allowed for mass production. While early factories increased the volume and variety of manufactured goods, they also created bleak living and employment opportunities for the poor and working class. Read more: http://www. Owe. Com/info_8264421 _factories-beginning-industrial- revolution. HTML#ixzz2Xn4BLw8H Read more: http://www. Owe. Com/ info_8264421 _factories- beginning- industrial- revolution. HTML l#ixzz2Xn42Ey8p http://www. Ale. Du/hint/curriculum/units/198112/81. 02. 06. X. HTML The improved yield of the agricultural sector can be attributed to the enclosure movement and to improved techniques and practices developed during this period. A common practice in early agriculture was to allow the land to lie fallow after it had been exhausted through cultivation. Later it was discovered that the cultivation of clover and other legumes would help to restore the fertility of the soil. The improved yields also increased the amount of food available to sustain livestock through the winter.
This increased the size of herds for meat on the table and allowed farmers to begin with larger herds in the spring than they had previously. Other advances in agriculture included the use of sturdier farm implements fashioned from metal. Up until this period most farming implements were made entirely out of wood. We do not find much technical innovation beyond the slight improvements made on existing implements. We do find increased energy being placed into the breeding of livestock, control of insects, improved irrigation and farming methods, developing new crops and the use of horsepower in the fields to replace oxen as a source of power.
These changes which have occurred in agriculture made it possible to feed all of the people that were attracted to the industrial centers as factory workers. By providing enough DOD to sustain an adequate work force, England was preparing the way for expansion of the economy and industry. In 18th century England, the enclosure of common village fields into individual landholdings, or the division of unproductive land into private property was the first significant change to occur. This concentrated the ownership of the land into the hands of a few, and made it possible to institute improved farming techniques on a wider scale.
Students may engage in a debate over the question of enclosure, concerning its effect on the rural poor. Historians are to in complete agreement on the effects of enclosure on the poor, some arguing that it contributed to swelling the numbers of poor, while others argue that their plight was only marginally related to the enclosure movement. An excellent resource for the teacher;s use in this section is Chapter Seven of E. P. Thompson;s book, The Making of the English Working Class. Textiles The organization of the textile industry was complicated and grossly inefficient before the age of mechanization.
Differences existed from one locality to another; generally, a merchant employed putters-out to distribute the raw materials to he textile industry were already occurring in the early sass; however, these changes were not easily accepted as evidenced by the workers; riots which broke out in response to these new machines. John Kayos flying-shuttle, which enabled one weaver to do the work of two, and Lewis Paul+s roller spinner, which was to make spinning more efficient (later to be perfected by Richard Aright), were the precursors of the inventive spirit and the application of new technology to the textile industry.
Aright enlisted the financial support of Samuel Need and Judicial Struts to set up a water-powered factory that utilized his invention. This factory, located in Crawford, employed more than 600 workers, many of whom were women and children. The adage ;necessity is the mother of invention; is quite appropriate here, for this machine spun the cotton thread faster than human hands could supply the carded and combed raw material. This led to Aright;s development of a machine which would perform that function. Http://www. Statutory. Org. A/archive/ what-industrialization In England, farm laborers formed the majority of the rural population. They depended on wages they received from working for tenant farmers but could also till use common land. This played a very important role in their lives. It provided them with plots on which to grow some food, grazing land for their animals and firewood, clay and thatch for building. Some people took on a second Job weaving woolen cloth in their homes. Most of these were the wives of farm laborers. They needed to earn extra money, to supplement their husbands wages.
This became known as the cottage industry. Some people regard this as the first form of industry in Britain. Coal Mining Different methods of mining coal were employed in various locales throughout England. All coal mining had one trait in common; the movement of coal was accomplished solely by muscle power;animal, man, woman and child, the latter being the most desirable for their size. The process of removing the coal was obviously as slow as it was dirty. Coal was moved along horizontal tunnels by the basketful and hauled up a vertical shaft to the surface.
Later, the underground movement of coal was speeded up by the utilization of ponies and carts on rail. The production of coal increased steadily, from 2 1/2 million to more than 15 million tons by 1829. Improvements in coal mining came in the form of improved tunnel initiation, improved underground and surface transportation, the use of gunpowder to blast away at the coal seams, and improved tunnel illumination through the use of safety lamps. Iron Improvements in the iron industry came in the early 18th century.
Abraham Dairy successfully produced pig iron smelted with coke. This was a significant breakthrough, for prior to this discovery pig iron was smelted with the use of source of energy to smelt the iron; however, its widespread use caused a serious depletion of England+s forests. Dairy;s technique was gaining popularity within the industry, though problems still existed due to its use. Iron produced through this method was impure and brittle, making it unsuitable for the burgomaster to be able to fashion in into implements, so its use was limited to castings.
Transportation Clive Moslem, Tim Hitchcock and Robert Shoemaker, “London History – Transport”, Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www. Alliterations. Org, version 7. 0, 01 July 2013 ) As an integral part of determining the cost and availability of manufactured products and as a means of improved communications, and as an industry unto itself, the improvement of transportation stimulated the course of the Industrial Revolution. Finished products, raw materials, food and people needed a reliable, quicker and less costly system of transportation. Canals and rivers had long been used as a means of internal transportation.
The mid-sass began the first construction of canals between industrial districts. The construction of trunk lines opened the central industrial districts in the sass. The major thrust of financial backing came from the merchants and industrialists, who had a great stake in their construction. The problem of moving bulk goods overland was addressed, at least for the time being, by canals. However, their days were numbered, for the coming of the railroads was imminent. Railroads dominated the transportation scene in England for nearly a century.
Railroads proliferated in England, from 1,000 miles in 1836 to more than 7,000 miles built by 1852. Here again is another example of economic necessity producing innovation. The development of reliable, efficient rail service was crucial to the growth of specific industries and the overall economy. Transportation and the Industrial Revolution The transportation industry also underwent significant transformation during the Industrial Revolution. Before the advent of the steam engine, raw materials and knishes goods were hauled and distributed via horse-drawn wagons, and by boats along canals and rivers.
In the early sass, American Robert Fulton (1765-1815) built the first commercially successful steamboat, and by the mid-19th century, steamships were carrying freight across the Atlantic. As steam-powered ships were making their debut, the steam locomotive was also coming into use. In the early sass, British engineer Richard Attractive (1771-1833) constructed the first railway steam locomotive. In 1830, England’s Liverpool and Manchester Railway became the 6,000 miles of railroad track. Additionally, around 1820, Scottish engineer John Macadam (1756-1836) developed a new process for road construction.
His technique, which became known as macadam, resulted in roads that were smoother, more durable and less muddy. Communication and Banking in the Industrial Revolution Communication became easier during the Industrial Revolution with such inventions as the telegraph. In 1837, two Bruits, William Cooke (1806-1879) and Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875), patented the first commercial electrical telegraph. By 1840, railways were a Cooke-Wheatstone system, and in 1866, a telegraph cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic.
Steam The development and subsequent application of steam power was undoubtedly the greatest technical achievement of the Industrial Revolution. A number of industries needed the ability to apply the enormous power produced by the steam engine, in order to continue their advancement in production. James Watt is credited with the invention of the steam engine. In fact, Watt improved upon a design which was developed by Thomas Savers and Thomas Newcomer. Watt;s engine improved the efficiency of Newcomer;s engine fourfold, and he utilized the latest technology in quaking, where precision was absolutely necessary.
The transfer of one technology to another is evident here, in that Watt used John Wilkinson;s device for boring cannon to accurately bore the large cylinder for his engine. The development of a practical, efficient steam engine and its application to industry and transportation caused a great leap for industrialization. Its application was virtually limitless, and it was responsible for lifting industries from infancy to adolescence The Human Aspect In the 18th century the population grew at a faster rate than ever before.
There are four primary reasons which may be cited for this growth: a decline in the death rate, n increase in the birth rate, the virtual elimination of the dreaded plagues and an increase in the availability of food. The latter is probably the most significant of these reasons, for English people were consuming a much healthier diet. One can find a myriad of reasons for the growth of the population, in addition to those above. Industry provided higher wages to individuals than was being offered in the villages. This allowed young people to marry earlier in life, and to produce children earlier.
The old system of apprenticeship did not allow an apprentice to marry. City life revived young people with a greater choice of prospective partners, in contrast to the limited choices in some isolated village. Finally, industry provided people with improved clothing and housing, though it took a long time for housing conditions to improve. With the adoption of the factory system, we find a shift in population. Settlements grew around the factories. In some cases, housing was provided to workers by their employers, thus giving the factory owners greater control over the desirable because a labor pool was readily available.
The prime consideration for locating a factory was the availability of power. The early form of power was derived directly from moving water. Thus, we find factories cropping up in the hills near streams and rivers. Later, when steam power was developed, factories could be located near any source of water. Other factories, such as those involved in the manufacture of iron, had considerations of a different kind involving their location. Due to the great difficulty in moving bulk materials, such as iron ore, these mills had to be located close to the mineral source.
In such situations, large communities grew directly above the seams of ore in the earth. The development of the steam engine to rive machinery freed the mill owners from being locked into a site that was close to swiftly moving water. The steam powered mill still had to be located near a source of water, though the field of choice was much wider. Also, factories could be located closer to existing population centers or seaports, fulfilling the need for labor and transportation of materials. The towns that grew in the North were crowded, dirty and unregulated.
They grew so rapidly that no one took the time to consider the consequence of such conditions. In the areas of public sanitation and public health, ignorance reigned. No one understood the effects of these unsanitary conditions upon humans. Conditions in these densely populated areas worsened to the point of the reappearance of outbreaks of disease. In the mid-sass there were several outbreaks of typhoid and cholera. Some attention to these conditions was accorded by Parliament in the form of Public Health Acts.
These acts did improve conditions, though they were largely ineffective, for they did not grant local Boards of Health the powers to compel improvements. Http://www. Statutory. Org. AZ/archive/what- industrialization From the countryside to the towns The Enclosure Acts resulted in fewer Jobs in the countryside. This meant that many people were not able to get work as farmers and had no option but to go to the developing towns or urban centers in search of work in the mines and the factories. The result was that people moved permanently from the rural areas to the urban areas.
This process is known as arbitration. The Industrial Revolution in Britain saw the development of towns and cities. Families no longer worked in and around their homes as people moved to the cities to be nearer to the large factories where they could find work. Http://www. History. Com/ topics/industrial-revolution Quality of Life during Industrialization The Industrial Revolution brought about a greater volume and variety of factory- produced goods and raised the standard of living for many people, particularly for the middle and upper classes.
However, life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges. Wages for those who labored in factories were low and working conditions could be dangerous and monotonous. Unskilled workers had little Job security and were easily replaceable. Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery. In the early sass, an estimated one-fifth of the workers in some craftspeople were replaced by machines.
Additionally, urban, industrialized areas were unable to keep pace with the flow of arriving workers from the countryside, resulting in inadequate, overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary living conditions in which disease was rampant. Conditions for Britain’s working-class began to gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century, as the government instituted various labor reforms and workers gained the right to form trade unions. Capital Prior to industrialization in England, land was the primary source of wealth. The ended aristocracy held enormous powers the feudal system.
However, a new source of great wealth grew from the Industrial Revolution, that which was derived from the ownership of factories and machinery. Those who invested in factories and machinery cannot be identified as belonging to any single class of people Labor the conditions in which they worked can be appropriately characterized as being horrendous. Inside these factories one would find poorly ventilated, noisy, dirty, damp and poorly lighted working areas. These factories were unhealthy and dangerous places in which to work workers began to realize the strength they could assess if they were a unified force.
It was a long, uphill battle for workers to be able to have the right to organize into officially recognized unions. Their lot was one of having no political influence in a land where the government followed a laissez-fairer policy. This hands off policy changed as the pressure from growing trade unions increased. A movement was beginning to free workers from the injustices of the factory system. Political leaders called for reform legislation which would address these injustices (see lesson plans for specific legislation). Http://www. Owe. Com/facts_7331176_minimum-poor-class-industrial- evolution. HTML Wage for Children In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, prior to the creation of the steam engine, orphans made up a huge chunk of the workforce, according to Carolyn Tuttle, Professor of Economics at Lake Forest College. This was because the old mills relied on water to create energy, and orphans could easily be relocated to remote or isolated areas where there was a lot of water. The mill owner would provide food and shelter in lieu of money. When the steam engine entered the picture, factories began to pop up in major cities and orphans no longer had to be relocated.
Instead, poor implies struggling to survive in these urban areas seized the opportunity to send their children to work in the factories. Though the children worked long hours, they earned very little. Jason Long, Associate Professor of Economics at Colby College, said that children working in factories in the sass earned between two and four shillings per week. Wage for Women Joyce Burnett, Professor of Economics at Wabash College, claimed that while male began to appear at age 16. The average wage for women working in factories in 1833 was about seven shillings per week.
Ultimately, women working in factories during he Industrial Revolution made only a third of what their male counterparts earned. In a column written in April of 2008, Jane Humphreys, Professor of Economic History at Oxford University, said that it was common for teenage boys working in factories to earn more money than their mothers. Wage for Men During the Industrial Revolution, Long wrote that skilled laborers averaged between 20 and 30 shillings per week. Though this seems high when compared to the average wages of children and women, it was not nearly enough to make a family rich.
In fact, author G. T. Griffith claims that one-fifth of the families living in Liverpool in the idle of the nineteenth century rented cellar units instead of upstairs living quarters. Even with everyone in the family working, keeping up with the cost of rent, food and clothing in a metropolitan area often proved to be a huge challenge. Read more: http://www. Owe. Com/facts_7331176_minimum-poor-class-industrial- revolution. HTML#conditioning http://www. Allegorists. Org/London. HTML The population of London grew from 950,000 in 1800 to 6 million in 1900.
Part of the reason for the growth of London was the railway, which made it possible for people to live away from the city centre and travel to work each day. Http://www. Statutory. Org. AZ/archive/what-industrialization Population growth in industrial towns, 1750-1851 By the mid-19th century about half the population of Britain had moved from the countryside to the towns. Living in towns brought dramatic changes to many people’s lives. From being farm laborers with the use of some land (common land) they became wage laboriousness’s dependent on employment in the towns.
Failure to find employment would result in poverty and starvation. Because new towns sprung up so quickly, the local governing bodies weren’t able to cope with servicing the large numbers of families needing to be housed. There was hardly any town planning and ugly slums soon sprang up around factories. Large buildings known as tenements were built near the factories to house the workers. They were badly built and lacked even the simplest facilities such as a water supply and a drainage system. Before 1801.
Since then a census has taken place every decade. Historians make estimates for the years before 1801 Town growth, 1750-1851 After 1800 people in the towns began to unite to demand higher wages, better housing and the right to vote for representatives in parliament. Workers’ organizations in Britain In 1799 and 1800 the government passed laws forbidding workers from strike action and making trade unions illegal. Trade unions organized and represent workers to protect their interests and to improve wages and working conditions.
Because they were made illegal, workers’ leaders could be sentenced to death for trying to organize unions or strikes. While they struggled to win the right to belong to trade unions, British workers carried on organizing secret unions and called successful strikes. In 1828 British workers won the legal right to set up trade unions. Early attempts at setting up large trade unions failed. Slow communication and low levels of literacy made it very difficult to get everyone to agree to a common policy. It was only in the sass that some of these problems were solved.
Different local groups combined at the time to form many of the unions, which still exist in Britain today. Http://www. Owe. Com/info_8473137_unique-industrial-revolution. HTML Unique Facts on the Industrial Revolution It Contributed to the French Revolution The Industrial Revolution made the city of Paris even dirtier than it already was. The tanning industry in particular caused water and air pollution that was not only disgusting, but poisonous. When the residents of Paris started to demand change from the monarchy, King Louis XVI sent out representatives to learn what made them unhappy.
Besides the enormous tax burden involved, the chief complaints were of water unfit to drink and air unfit to breathe. These complaints went unaddressed, of course, which led to the revolution. Read more: http://www. Owe. Com/info_8473137 _unique-industrial- revolution. HTML#ixzz2XnWq5rlJy It Aided the Rise of Socialism Karl Mar’s radical ideas that eventually developed into Marxism were inspired by and even limbs to the machines they worked with in the process of trying to make a vying. This seemed incredibly unfair to him, especially in light of how little money they made in return.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, socialist parties adopted principles of Marxism. Lenin, the leader of the Russian Revolution, was a longtime follower of Marx. He organized the Soviet Union based on his interpretation of Mar’s philosophy. It Contributed to the American Civil War The American Civil War tends to be viewed as a fight over slavery when, in fact, other issues contributed to the conflict. One was a simple difference between the economies of the north and the south. The Industrial Revolution had taken hold throughout the north in the antebellum period.
Farming and plantations were no longer as common as cities and factories. Industry drove the economy of the north by then, largely eliminating the need for slavery. Agriculture still drove the southern economy, including exports to Europe. There were southern cities, of course, but they tended to be smaller and less industrialized than northern ones. With farming and planting on large estates driving their economy, southerners exploited a need for slave labor that northerners did not have. Revolution. HTML#ixzz2XnWuom8b
