In the 6th and 7th century BC, the oldest recorded indication f using fiber comes with the invention of flax and wool fabric at the excavation of Swiss lake inhabitants. In India the culture of silk was introduced in DADA, while spinning of cotton traces back to BBC. In China, the discovery and consequent development of sericulture and spin silk methods got Initiated at 2640 BC while in Egypt the art of spinning linen and weaving developed In 3400 BC. The discovery of machines and their widespread application In processing natural fibers was a direct outcome of the Industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.
The discoveries f various synthetic fibers Like nylon created a wider market for textile products and gradually led to the invention of new and improved sources of natural fiber. The development of transportation and communication facilities facilitated the path of transaction of localized skills and textile art among various countries. Textile History of Various Countries: India Indian textile enjoys a rich heritage and the origin of textiles in India traces back to the Indus valley Civilization where people used homespun cotton for weaving their clothes.
Reigned, the earliest of the Veda contains the literary information about sixties and It refers to weaving. Ramadan and Inhabitant, the eminent Indian epics depict the existence of wide variety of fabrics In ancient India. These epics refer both to rich and stylized garment worn by the aristocrats and ordinary simple clothes worn by the common people. The contemporary Indian textile not only reflects the splendid past but also cater to the requirements of the modern times. The archaeological surveys and studies have found that the people of Harpoon civilization knew weaving and the spinning of cotton four thousand years ago.
Reference to weaving and spinning materials is found in the Vided Literature also. There was textile trade in India during the early centuries. A block printed and resist- dyed fabrics, whose origin is from Gujarat is found in tombs of Fast, Egypt. This proves that Indian export of cotton textiles to the Egypt or the Nile Civilization in medieval times were to a large extent. Large quantity of north Indian silk was traded through the silk route In China to the western countries. The Indian silk was often exchanged with the western countries for their spices In the barter system.
During the late 17th and 18th century there were large export of the Indian cotton to the esters countries to meet the need of the European industries during industrial famous Swedish movement which was headed by the Robbing Gosh. There was also export of Indian silk, Muslin cloth of Bengal, Briar and Arioso to other countries by the East Indian Company. Billiard is known as textile city. Japan In 1869 the capital of Japan was shifted from Kyoto to Tokyo and from this time onwards the Noshing weaving tradition seemed threatened with extinction.
The industry again started to grow along with Japan’s new capitalist economy by 1890 when the Noshing weavers embraced and applied modern technology to their own ancient and original textile art. The textile art of Japan particularly reached an epitome of excellence by exhibiting a cultural distinction and remarkable artistic skill in the Eddo and succeeding Meijer periods (1868 – 1912). China Chinese textiles enjoy an excellent heritage in textile sector and occupy a prominent position in the global textile market. Chinese textiles are world famous and extraordinary for their fine quality and profound symbolic meanings.
Textiles in china often form an integral aspect of its heritage and symbolically reflect its tradition and culture. N China, textile is often closely associated with prosperity and involved in the process of elaborate rituals. Parents’ spontaneous love for their children is most visibly reflected through the excellent clothes they provide on festive occasions to their children. These clothes are made up of expensive materials and excellent craftsmanship. Africa In the ancient times the most important aspect of textiles or more precisely cloth in Africa was that cloth was used as form of money.
The width of cloth strip was usually standardized in each region of Africa and therefore there used to be a regular umber of such standard length cloth strips required to make a woman’s wrapper cloth. This would then be used to serve as the unit of value. Cloth was a convenient form of money primarily because it was used by everybody, fairly durable and easily sub dividable. The weavers, dyers and other textile artists of Africa together makes an active contribution in creating exquisite and amazing range of textiles.
African textiles usually embody a great variety of styles. Tankard, Kent and bogyman are some of the some of the African textiles which are becoming increasingly popular while some others like Your, ease-coke and adore are equally beautiful but less well known. 1. 2 Introduction The textile industry or apparel industry is primarily concerned with the production of yarn, and cloth and the subsequent design or manufacture of clothing and their distribution. The raw material may be natural or synthetic using products of the chemical industry.
Cotton Manufacturing: Cotton is the world’s most important natural fiber. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. There are five stages Cultivating and Harvesting Preparatory Processes Spinning- giving yarn Weaving- giving fabrics Finishing- giving textiles spinneret into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning (acetate and triplicate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber.
In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then sets. All these fibers will be of great length, often kilometers long. Artificial fibers can be processed as long fibers or batched and cut so they can be processed like a natural fiber. Natural Fibers: Natural fibers are either from animals (sheep, goat, rabbit, and silk-worm) mineral (asbestos) or from plants (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibers can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as best fibers: flax, Hemp, Jute) or the leaf (sisal).
Without exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained- each with a specific name. With the exception of silk, each of these fibers is short being only centimeters in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples. 1. 2. 1 Textile Industry in India The Textile industry in India traditionally, after agriculture, is the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labor in textiles. The textile industry continues to be the second largest employment generating sector in India.
It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country. The share of textiles in total exports was 1 1. 04% during April-July 2010, as per the Ministry of Textiles. During 2009-2010, Indian textiles industry was pegged at IIS$55 billion, 64% of which services domestic demand. In 2010, there were 2,500 textile weaving stories and 4,135 textile finishing factories in all of India. According to Carney’s ‘Retail Apparel Index’ India ranked as the fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009.
The Indian Textile Industry counts among the leading textile industries in the world. Apart from providing the basic necessities of life, its role in the country’s economic growth is significant. Indian’s textile industry contributes about 14 per cent to industrial production; 4 per cent to the country’s gross domestic product (GAP); 17 per cent to its export earnings; and is a source of direct employment for over 35 million people, which makes it the second largest provider of employment after agriculture.
Abundant raw materials, healthy foreign direct investments (FED) and a government willing to invest ensures a bright future for Indian’s textile sector. There is large scope of improvement in the textile industry of India as there is a huge increase in personal disposable income among the Indians after the 1991 liberalizing. There is also a large growth of the organized sector in the Indian textile industries. The foreign brands along with the collaboration of the Indian companies established business in India. Some of these are Puma, Airman, Benton, Esprit, Levi Strauss, Hugo Boss, Liz Collarbone, Cross etc.
The major Indian Industries include Bombay Dyeing, Fabian, Gratis Industries, ACT Limited, Alkalis Machine Works, Alkalis Mills and Moser Silk Factory. Textile Organizations The Indian Textile industries are mainly dominated by some government, semi government and private institutions. The major functions of the Ministry of Textile are: Textile Policy & Coordination Man-made Fiber Industry Cotton Textile Industry Silk and sericulture Industry Wool Industry Decentralized Powerless Sector Export Promotion Planning & Economic Analysis
Finance Matters Information Technology(let) The advisory boards include: All India Handloom Board All India Handicrafts Board All India Power looms Board Advisory Committee under Handloom Reservation of Articles for Production Co- ordination Council of Textiles Research Association MM cotton industry The major export promoting councils include: Apparel Export Promotion Council, New Delhi Carpet Export Promotion Council, New Delhi Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council, Iambi The major US or Public Sector Undertaking are: National Textile Corporation Ltd. (NET) British India Corporation Ltd. (BIG) Cotton Corporation of India Ltd.
CLC) Jute Corporation of India Ltd. OIC) National Jute Manufacturers Corporation (NCSC) Handicrafts and Handloom Export Corporation (HOC) National Handloom Development Corporation (NUDE) Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts, New Delhi Handloom Export Promotion Council, Achaean Indian Silk Export Promotion Council, Iambi Power loom Development & Export Promotion Council, Iambi Synthetic & Rayon Textiles Export Promotion Council, Iambi Wool & Woolen Export Promotion Council, New Delhi Other autonomous bodies in this industry are: Central Wool Development Board, Jodhpurs National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi
National Centre for Jute Diversification The textile Research Associations are: South India Textiles Research Association (SITAR), Combaters Mohammedan Textiles Industry Research Association Bombay Textiles Research Association, Iambi Indian Jute Industries Research association, Kola Man-made Textiles Research Association, Sugar Synthetic and art silk -Mills Research Association, Iambi Wool Research Association, Thane Ministry of Textile The Ministry of Textiles is responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the textile industry in India.
This includes all natural, artificial, and celluloses fibers that go into the making of textiles, clothing and Handicrafts. Current Minister of Textiles is Kava’s Samba Siva Raw, while Minister of State at the ministry is Pancake Alkalis. Some of initiatives taken by the government to further promote the industry are as under: ;The Government of India plans to set up a RSI 100 core (IIS$ 15. 79 million) venture capital fund to provide equity support to start-ups in the textile sector, in order to encourage innovative ideas ;The Government has allowed 100 per cent FED in the sector through the automatic route.
In the thieve Year Plan (2012-17), the government plans to spend IIS$ 9. 1 billion on textiles as against IIS$ 4 billion in the 1 lath Plan ;In order to make textile processing units more environment-friendly and globally competitive, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (ACE) has approved an Integrated Processing Development Scheme (BIDS) with an investment of RSI 500 core (IIS$ 78. 94 million) ;Under the Technology Upgrading Fund Scheme (DUES), the cotton textile industry of India will receive margin money from the Ministry of Finance. The industry is also expected to attract RSI 4,000 core (IIS$ 631. Million) in the form of investments over the next six months ;The Government of India has allotted RSI 700 core (IIS$ 110. 53 million) in the next Five Year Plan for the development of technical textiles. In 2012-13, the technical textiles industry reached RSI 7. 48 trillion (IIS$ 118. 19 billion) at an annual growth rate of 3. 5 per cent ;In the new textile policy, the Government of Gujarat has announced 5 per cent interest subsidy on bank loans for five years, for those who establish new plants for value addition chain like ginning, processing, weaving, knitting, and machine carpeting. 3 Current Scenario India is the second largest producer of fiber in the world and the major fiber produced is cotton. Other fibers produced in India include silk, Jute, wool, and man- made fibers. 60% of the Indian textile Industry is cotton based. The strong domestic demand and the revival of the Economic markets by 2009 have led to huge growth of the Indian textile industry. In December 2010, the domestic cotton price was up by 50% as compared to the December 2009 prices. The causes behind high cotton price are due to the floods in Pakistan and China.
India projected a high production of excite (325 lake bales for 2010-11). There has been increase in Indian’s share of global textile trading to seven percent in five years. The rising prices are the major concern of the domestic producers of the country. Man Made Fibers: These include manufacturing of clothes using fiber or filament synthetic yarns. It is produced in the large power loom factories. They account for the largest sector of the textile production in India. This sector has a share of 62% of the Indian’s total production and provides employment to about 4. 8 million people.
The Cotton Sector: It is the second cost developed sector in the Indian Textile industries. It provides employment to huge amount of people but its productions and employment is seasonal depending upon the seasonal nature of the production. The Handloom Sector: It is well developed and is mainly dependent on the She for their funds. Its market share is 13%. Of the total cloth produced in India. The Woolen Sector: India is the 7th largest The Jute Sector: The Jute or the golden fiber in India is mainly produced in the Eastern states of India like Assam and West Bengal.
India is the largest producer of jute in the world. The Sericulture and Silk Sector: India is the 2nd largest producer of silk in the world. India produces 18% of the world’s total silk. Mulberry, Erie, Tsar, and Mugs are the main types of silk produced in the country. It is a labor-intensive sector. 1. 3. 1 Market Size The industry is expected to touch IIS$ 220 billion by 2020, according to estimates by Look Industries Ltd. Also, India has the capacity to improve its textile and apparel share in the world trade from the current 4. 5 per cent to 8 per cent and reach IIS$ 80 billion by 2020.
Garment exports from India grew by 19 per in the period July 2012- July 2013 to touch IIS$ 1. 27 billion, on the back of increasing demand in developed economies such as the US, according to data released by the Apparel Export Promotion Council (APPC). India has the advantage of abundant resources of raw materials. It is one of the largest producers of cotton yarn in the world and there are good resources of fibers such as polyester, silk, viscose, etc. The country is also home to a wide range of cotton fiber and has a rapidly developing synthetic fiber industry.
The most significant change in the Indian textile industry has been the advent of man-made fibers (MIFF). Indian’s innovative range of MIFF textiles finds presence in almost all the countries across the globe. MIFF production recorded an increase of 7 per cent in the month of August 2013 and grew by 4 per cent during April-August 2013. Cotton yarn production increased by about 10 per cent during August 2013 and by about 11 per cent during April-August 2013. Blended and 100 per cent non-cotton yarn production increased by 5 per cent during August 2013 and by 8 per cent during April-August 2013.
Cloth production by mill sector registered a growth of 4 per cent during August 2013 and 10 per cent during April-August 2013. Cloth reduction by handloom and hosiery increased by 3 per cent and 12 per cent during April-August 2013. The total cloth production grew by 6 per cent during August 2013 and by 3 per cent during April-August 2013. 1. 3. 2 FED Textile Indian textile and apparel industry is one of the largest in the world with US$ 19 billion of export and IIS$ 30 billion of domestic textile and apparel during 2006-07 (P).
The industry has, over the years, contributed significantly to national output, employment and exports. At present, industry accounts for about 14% of our total industrial production and contributes to nearly 15% of total exports. It provides direct employment to about 35 million people and another 56 million are engaged in allied activities. The textile export has registered a growth of 10 percent to 19. 24 billion during 2006-07 (P) from IIS$ 17. 85 billion during 2005-06. The Industry has a potential to reach a size of IIS$ 85 billion by 2010.
With its consistent growth performance and abundant cheap skilled manpower, there are enormous opportunities both for domestic and foreign investors to make investments in textile sector in India. India has most liberal and transparent policies in Foreign Direct Investment (FED) amongst emerging countries. India is a promising destination for FED route. FED in sectors to the extent permitted under automatic route does not require any prior approval either by the Government of India or Reserve Bank of India (RIB).
